Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect

1. She had called the police before I came.
She hadn't called the police before I came.
had she called the police before I came?

2. I had finished my work.
I hadn't finished my work.
Had I finished my work?

3. You hadn't stopped before I did.
You had stopped before I did.
Had you stopped before I did?

4. She had gone to school.
She had not gone to school.
had she gone to school?

5.We had left.
We had not left.
had we left?

6. You had arrived.
You hasn't arrived.
Had you arrived?

7. They Had eaten dinner.
They hadn't eaten dinner.
Had they eaten dinner?

8.I had eaten when she come.
I had not eaten when she came.
Had I eaten when she come?

9.They had gone to bed by ten o’clock.
They hadn't gone to bed by ten o'clock.
when had they gone to bed?

10.She Had been happy after his father came.
She hadn't been happy after his father came.
Had she been happy after his father came?

11.She had gone.
She hadn't gone.
had she gone?

12. I had written the letter.
I hadn't written the letter.
Had I written the letter?

13.I had gone When He arrived at my home.
I hadn't gone when he arrived at my home.
had I gone when he arrived at my home?

14.I had saved my document, before the computer crashed.
I hadn't saved my document, before the computer crashed.
Had I saved my document, before the computer crashed?

15.He was very tired, because he had slept well.
He was very tired, because he hadn’t slept well.
Why had he slept well?

Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Tense

1. I have finished my work.
I haven't finished my homework.
Have I finished my homework?

2. She has eaten lunch.
She has not eaten lunch.
Has she eaten lunch?

3. You have seen that movie.
You haven't seen that movie
Have you seen that movie?

4. She has been sick for two days.
She hasn't been sick for two days
has she been sick for two days??

5.They have been busy for one day.
They have not been busy for one day.
Have they been busy for one day?

6. You have been here for two hours
You haven't been here for two hours
Have you been here for two hours?

7. I have watched that movie 3 times.
I haven't watched that movie 3 times.
Have I watched that movie 3 times??

8. You have read the book yet.
you haven't read the book yet.
Have you read the book yet?

9.The rain has stopped.
The rain hasn’t stopped.
has the rain stopped?

10.They have arrived.
They haven’t arrived.
have they arrived?

11.I have finish my homework yet.
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
Have I finish my homework yet?

12.I have been to Ancol before.
I haven't been to Ancol before
Have I been to An col before?

13.We have eaten or lunch already.
We have eaten or lunch already
Have we eaten or lunch already?

14.She has just spoken to them.
she hasn't just spoken to them.
has she just spoken to them?

15. She has met your mother.
she hasn't met your mother.
has she met your mother?

Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense

1. My Father bought this car last year
My father didn't bought this car last year
Did my father buy this car last year??

2. They went to Tokyo last month
They didn't go to Tokyo last month
Did they go to Tokyo last month?

3. She went home two minutes ago
She did not go home two minutes ago
When did she go home?

4. I finished my homework two days ago
I didn’t finish my homework two days ago.
Did you finish your homework two days ago?

5. We went to Surabaya
We didn't go to Surabaya.
Did we go to Surabaya?

6. You lived in Japan
You didn't live in Japan
Did you live in Japan?

7. They stayed at the Vivaldi Hotel
They didn't stay at the Vivaldi Hotel
Did they stay at the Vivaldi Hotel?

8. Rani went to Borobudur Yesterday
Rani did not go to borobudur Yesterday
Did Rany go to borobudur Yesterday ?

9. Rani Killed Desy Last Night
Rani did not Kill Desy Last Night
did Rani Kill Desy Last Night ?

10.You called me yesterday.
You didn’t call me yesterday.
Why did you call me yesterday?

11.They bought a new house two months ago.
They didn’t buy a new house two months ago.
When Did they buy a new house?

12.She studied English last month.
She didn’t study English last month.
When Did they buy a new house?

13.I went to USA last week.
I didn’t go to USA last week.
Did you go to USA last week?

14.We were human
We weren't human
were we human?

15.She was here yesterday.
She was not here yesterday.
Was she here yesterday?

Parallel Contruction

Parallel Construction

Both … and

Subjects connected by 'both … and' take the a plural conjugation.
Examples:
Both Alice and Janice attended USC.
Both Jim and Peter are attending the conference in New York this weekend.

Not only ... but also ...

Not only and but also normally go immediately before the words or expressions modified by them.
The place was not only good, but also safe.
She is not only a good wife, but also a good mother.
She speaks not only English, but also French.
Mid position with verb is also possible.
She not only speaks English, but also French.
For emphasis not only can be moved to the beginning of a clause. Note that we use the inverted word order 'not only + auxiliary verb + subject'. But can be left out in some cases.
She was not only sad, but also angry.
Not only was she sad, she was also angry.
They not only need food, but also shelter.
Not only do they need food, they also need shelter.

Either … or

'Either … or' is used in sentences in a positive sense meaning "one or the other, this or that, he or she, etc." Verb conjugation depends on the subject (singular or plural) closest to the conjugated verb.
Examples:
Either Peter or the girls need to attend the course. (second subject plural)
Either Jane or Matt is going to visit next weekend. (second subject singular)

Neither … nor

'Neither … nor' is used in sentences in a negative sense meaning "not this one nor the other, not this nor that, not he nor she, etc.". Verb conjugation depends on the subject (singular or plural) closest to the conjugated verb.
Examples:
Neither Frank nor Lilly lives in Eugene. (second subject singular)
Neither Axel nor my other friends care about their future. (second subject plural)

Past Participle

To have + past participle is "the perfect infinitive". It's used to show that an action happened previous to some other action.

I had to have taken an umbrella, for example, is like saying It had to be that I had taken an umbrella. (The only logical conclusion was that I had taken an umbrella -- before I discovered something else, for example, that I needed an umbrella.)

need to have done to it is a different case. It means that somebody needs to do something to it. The 'something' is missing because it has become the interrogative pronoun what. "It needs to have 'what' done to it." Because of the intervening implicit 'what', this is not a perfect infinitive like the rest of your examples.

Noun Clauses

Noun Clauses

A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of a preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?". Consider the following examples:

noun
I know Latin.
noun clause
I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.

In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts as the direct object of the verb "know." In the second example, the entire clause "that Latin ..." is the direct object.

In fact, many noun clauses are indirect questions:

noun
Their destination is unknown.
noun clause
Where they are going is unknown.

The question "Where are they going?," with a slight change in word order, becomes a noun clause when used as part of a larger unit -- like the noun "destination," the clause is the subject of the verb "is."

Here are some more examples of noun clauses:

about what you bought at the mall

This noun clause is the object of the preposition "about," and answers the question "about what?"

Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it.

This noun clause is the subject of the verb "will have to pay," and answers the question "who will have to pay?"

The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again.

This noun clause is the object of the verb "hope," and answers the question "what do the fans hope?"
Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like "which?" or "what kind of?" Consider the following examples:

Adjective
the red coat

Adjective clause
the coat which I bought yesterday

Like the word "red" in the first example, the dependent clause "which I bought yesterday" in the second example modifies the noun "coat." Note that an adjective clause usually comes after what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before.

In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns "who(m)," "that," or "which." In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative pronoun in formal, academic writing:

informal
The books people read were mainly religious.
formal
The books that people read were mainly religious.

informal
Some firefighters never meet the people they save.
formal
Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save.

Here are some more examples of adjective clauses:

the meat which they ate was tainted

This clause modifies the noun "meat" and answers the question "which meat?".

about the movie which made him cry

This clause modifies the noun "movie" and answers the question "which movie?".

they are searching for the one who borrowed the book

The clause modifies the pronoun "one" and answers the question "which one?".

Did I tell you about the author whom I met?

The clause modifies the noun "author" and answers the question "which author?".
Adverb Clauses

An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".

Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb in the following example:

adverb
The premier gave a speech here.
adverb clause
The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking.

Usually, a subordinating conjunction like "because," "when(ever)," "where(ever)," "since," "after," and "so that," will introduce an adverb clause. Note that a dependent adverb clause can never stand alone as a complete sentence:

independent clause
they left the locker room
dependent adverb clause
after they left the locker room

The first example can easily stand alone as a sentence, but the second cannot -- the reader will ask what happened "after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples of adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and condition:

cause
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's father.

The adverb clause answers the question "why?".

effect
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged.

The adverb clause answers the question "with what goal/result?".

time
After Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him.

The adverb clause answers the question "when?". Note the change in word order -- an adverb clause can often appear either before or after the main part of the sentence.

place
Where the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove his uncle's guilt.

The adverb clause answers the question "where?".

condition
If the British co-operate, the Europeans may achieve monetary union.

Source : http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/claustyp.html

Letter of Inquiry

TYPES OF BUSINESS LETTERS

ENQUIRY
In the opening tell your supplier what kind of organization you are; if applicable,
state the references.
You can ask for catalogues, price lists, brochures, samples, patterns and
demonstrations; point out any particular items you are interested in.
When asking for goods or services, be specific and state exactly what you want.
Quote the reference (catalogue, brochure, advertisement).
A company may write circular letters to several suppliers, inviting offers to do a
certain job or supply a certain item.
The closing of an enquiry is usually a simple »thank you«. You may mention
that a prompt reply would be appreciated or indicate further business.

QUOTATION - Ponudba
In the quotation, the following subjects should be covered:
a) Prices: say if the price includes the costs of transport, insurance and
purchase tax , e.g. VAT (gross price) or none of them (net price);
state if the price is firm or subject to change.
b) Transport and insurance costs: state the terms exactly, so that the
customer knows which price was stated to him.
c) Discounts: state the possible discounts – trade discounts to sellers in
similar trades, quantity discounts, cash discounts, loyalty discounts.
d) Methods of payment: require or suggest the method of payment, e.g.
letter of credit, bill of exchange.
e) Delivery date: confirm the proposed delivery date or suggest an
alternative date which you will be able to meet.
ORDER - Naročanje
Orders are usually written on a company's official order form, accompanied
by a covering letter where the following points should be mentioned:
a) In the opening mention that an order is enclosed;
b) confirm the terms of payment;
c) confirm the agreed discounts;
d) confirm the delivery date;
e) advise the company on how you want the goods packed and sent;
f) close with a promise for further orders.

COMPLAINT
A letter must be used for large and more serious complaints whereas a fax or an
e-mail may suffice for minor ones.
Write the complaint as soon as you notice the mistake.
The letter of complaint should include the following items:
a) state the mistake; it should be explained politely;
b) if you think you know how the mistake was made, politely point this
out to your supplier
c) if you know how the mistake could be corrected, let your supplier
know.

Lay Out and Part of Business Letter

LAYOUT OF A BUSINESS LETTER

The parts of a business letter are as follows:
1. Sender's address
2. Date
3. Inside address
4. Attention line
5. Salutation
6. Body of the letter
7. Complimentary close
8. Signature
9. Enclosures
1. Sender's address is usually given in the letterhead, but if there is none, the
address can be typed in the top right- or left-hand corner of the letter.
2. The date is written below the sender's address. The month is usually not
written out as numbers – it could be confusing (different sequences):
20 December 2004 20th December, 2004
3. The inside address begins with the name of the company or – if you know
the name of the person you are writing to – you can begin with his / her
name. Courtesy titles are used before names: Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms, Messrs,
M.Sc, Dr, Prof., Capt., Maj., Col., Gen.
Abbreviations may be used with or without a fullstop, but we must remain
consistent throughout our correspondence.
The address can also begin with a job title or a department (if you do not
know the name): The Sales Manager, The Accounts Department.
The items that follow are:
- the name of the house or building
- the number of the building and the name of the street
- the name of the town and the postcode
- the name of the country
4. Attention line is an alternative to putting the recipient's name in the address.
5. The salutations are as follows:
- Dear Sir – to a man whose name you do not know
- Dear Sirs /Gentlemen – to a company
- Dear Madam – to a woman whose name you do not know
- Dear Sir or Madam – to a person whose name and sex you do not know
- Dear Mr Smith – to a person whose name you know, but you do not know
the person very well
- Dear John – to a person you know well
The British like to use the comma after the salutation: Dear Mrs Jones,
but the Americans prefer a colon: Gentlemen:
6. The body of the letter is usually written in the blocked style. A line of space is
left between the paragraphs.
7. The complimentary close is related to the salutations:
- If the letter begins Dear Sir / Sirs / Madam / Sir or Madam, the
complimentary close should be Yours faithfully
- If the letter begins with a personal name, e.g. Dear Mr James, it
should be Yours sincerely
- A letter to someone you know well may end with Best wishes.
A comma after the complimentary close is optional.
8. Signature – always type your name and possibly your job title below your
handwritten signature (the so called signature block).
9. Enclosures – If there are any documents enclosed with a letter, although they
might be mentioned in the body of the letter, it is common to write Enc. or
Encl. below the signature block.